@article {84425,
	title = {The impact of seismic waves to evaluate the behaviour of a real case of damaged earth dam},
	journal = {Australian Journal of Civil Engineering},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {1-12},
	abstract = {Many earth dams are damaged by shearing under seismic stresses effect. In Algeria, earthquake of 21 May 2003, of magnitude Mm = 6.9 on Richter scale, considered as the most violent for more than 20 years, occurred about 70 km east of Algiers{\textquoteright}s capital, where a large number of structures were damaged in this region. The aim of this article is to present a numerical analysis of an earth dam in the province of Oum-Elboughi. The objective is to show the influence of compressive seismic waves and the effect of foundation deph on dam behavior .The stady was carried out using a 2D finite difference method (FDM) using the FLAC 2D calculation code. In this analysis, a soil nonlinear behaviour is provided by a combined Hardin/Drnevich hysteretic damping behaviour model with Mohr{\textendash}Coulomb elasto-plastic model. Results that are presented in terms of deformations and shear stresses developed at the dam and dam foundation show that the most critical area is located on the downstream side of the dam. Increasing the foundation depth decreases the value of horizontal stress, while decreasing it increases the dam instability risk.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/14488353.2023.2218073},
	author = {H.Beghzim, T. Karech}
}
@article {81405,
	title = {Numerical analysis of the diaphragm walls \&ldquo;case of Oued Smar metro station\&mdash;Algiers\&rdquo;},
	journal = {Innovative Infrastructure Solutions },
	number = {10.1007/s41062-023-01065-1},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {The stability of underground structures of great height in soft clays in urban areas requires a study which takes into account all the parameters which influence its behavior. The study of the Oued Smar{\textemdash}Algiers station which is carried out in an urban area is numerically analyzed in 3D. This analysis takes into account the effect of the environment of the structure, the geotechnical parameters, as well as the effect of the different implementation phases. The results obtained in terms of stresses and pore pressures are studied. Inclinometers installed in the wall according to a fixed grid, whose measurements taken after each excavation are compared with the displacements obtained numerically. The calculated horizontal displacements are lower than those measured in situ.},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41062-023-01065-1},
	author = {Annan abdellah and Toufik, Karech}
}
@article {72786,
	title = {Numerical Study of the Variation of the Voids Ratio of Soil ImprovedStone Column},
	journal = {Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {This research work is part of the trend of soil reinforcement procedures aimed at improving poor quality soils. Among thesetechniques, those that use stone columns. Although the aspects concerning the construction processes are now well mastered,the design methods of these reinforced soils remain to be developed.A numerical simulation presented to study two unit cell models. The 3D proposed simulation model is subjected to gravityand a static load. The first model presents a unit cell composed of stone column in the center and a surrounding clay soilvolume. The second is converted into an equivalent unit cell (the volume averaging) in terms of physical and mechanicalparameters of a composite material (equivalent parameters).Under the effect of incrementally loading{\textendash}unloading applied to these unit cell models, voids ratio variations and stress pathevolution are analyzed. The results indicate that applying a load to an equivalent unit cell can affect the void ratio-volumetricdeformation curves and increase settlement. The void ratio and the corresponding volumetric deformation decreased bycomparing the equivalent homogenized model with the non-homogenized model. The results show that the void ratiodecreases by about 10\% on average, but the volumetric strain decreases by 80\%. Therefore, the stress path correspondingto the decrease of the average effective stress by 1\% increases the deviatoric stress on average by 10\%. Diagrams obtainedby numerical results are in accordance with the results derived from experimental observations. The adopted technique cansubstantially can describe sufficiently the influence of the equivalents physical and mechanical parameters on the improvementin the soil of unit cell.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-022-00946-2},
	author = {Amal Mekaoussi, Toufik Karech, Abdelkader Noui}
}
@article {58725,
	title = {Numerical Analysis of Quasistatic Behavior of the EarthDam\&mdash;Case Study of the Ourkiss Dam, Algeria.},
	journal = {Journal of Geotechnical Engineering},
	volume = {8},
	number = {3},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {20-31},
	abstract = {The analysis of failure due to the effect of propagation of normal and reverse faults with different angles of inclination and by slip through the Ourkiss dam is studied numerically. The study is done mainly at the end of the construction and at the highest water level. The non-linear finite difference method is used considering four angles of inclination of the fault, active at the centre of the dam base.The results of the study show that the shear stress values increase with the increase of the vertical displacement of the imposed base in both the empty and filled dam conditions, for both normal and inverted faults.},
	url = {http://engineeringjournals.stmjournals.in/index.php/JoGE/index},
	author = {Baghzim Hassiba, Karech Toufik, Bouzid Tayeb}
}
@article {56249,
	title = {Parametric Study of Shallow Tunnel Under Seismic Conditions for Constantine Motorway Tunnel, Algeria},
	journal = {Geotechnical and Geological Journal},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {When designing tunnels, it is advisable to pre-estimate several tunnel parameters such as the depth (cover), the lining thickness, and the shape of the tunnel cross section. This condition is important in order to limit deformations during construction of the tunnel, and to ensure good tunnel resistance under seismic load conditions. In this context, the present paper is devoted to the analysis of the influence of some test parameters (the cover of the tunnel, the thickness of the lining, and the shape of the tunnel and the direction of the seismic waves) on the behaviour of the soil and the lining of a shallow tunnel built in soft ground subjected to seismic loading. The reference model for this parametric study is a real case, which happens to be the tunnel of Djebel El Ouahch (EastWest motorway) in the province of Constantine/ Algeria. The study is performed in three dimensions (3D) using a finite difference calculation method based on the FLAC3D calculation code. The results are presented in terms of shear strain induced in the soil around the tunnel, surface settlement, and vertical displacement of soil under the raft foundation, and also shear stress, bending moment, and shear strain, induced in the tunnel lining. The results show that the increase in thickness of the lining causes a reduction in shear force, and shear strain, while the circular or oval shape of the tunnel cross section results in low values of strain in the lining and ground displacement. It has been also pointed out that bending moment and shear strain induced in the lining are relatively low in comparison with the other forms. On the other hand, the direction of the seismic waves has a great influence on the behaviour of the lining and the surrounding soil. These results demonstrate that the strongest and most stable tunnel is the deepest tunnel with circular or oval section with a large thickness of the tunnel lining under the effect of compressive seismic waves. The results of the present study will be useful in the design of such a case by understanding the effects of various influencing parameters that control the stability of the tunnel in soil with bad characteristics},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-021-02029-x},
	author = {Aicha Berkan, Samy Mezhoud, Bouzid Tayeb, Toufik Karech, Abdelkader Noui}
}
@article {58238,
	title = {International Journal of Engineering Sciences},
	volume = {14},
	number = {ISSN 0976  {\textendash} 6693},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {1-9},
	abstract = {
	The digging of one or more tunnels is a process that destabilizes the field, maintaining the stability of the tunnel wall and



	control of ground movements around the gallery resulting from each excavation and the interaction between two tunnels mu



	st



	be controlled. This research aims to analyze and understand the physical mechanisms games during the digging of two twin



	tunnels throughout the spatial configurations and evaluated the ground motion induced by the interaction between



	these two



	lasts



	. Th



	e three



	-



	dimensional effect of widening is taken into account using the decontainment



	



	rate of soil adjacent to the



	excavation by the application of the convergence



	-



	confinement method. The modeling work is executed in two



	-



	dimensional, by



	using the finite d



	ifference code Flac



	-



	2D. A comparison of numerical simulation results with in



	-



	situ measurements was



	established in the particular case of two parallel horizontal tubes of the tunnel T4 on Elharouche Skikda and for which



	experimental data exist.

},
	author = {Toufik Karech, Noui Abdelkader, Berkan Aicha,Ahmed Beroual}
}
@article {49778,
	title = {Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using GIS-based Fuzzy Logic and the Analytical Hierarchical Processes Approach: A Case Study in Constantine (North-East Algeria)},
	journal = {Geotechnical and Geological Engineering An International Journal},
	number = {DOI: 10.1007/s10706-021-01855-3},
	year = {2021},
	month = {28 juiller 2021},
	abstract = {The main purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the performance of two multicriteria models for landslide susceptibility assessment in Constantine, north-east of Algeria. The landslide susceptibility maps were produced using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy AHP (FAHP) via twelve landslides conditioning factors, including the slope gradient, lithology, land cover, distance from drainage network, distance from the roads, distance from faults, topographic wetness index, stream power index, slope curvature, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, slope aspect and elevation. In this study, the mentioned models were used to derive the weighting value of the conditioning factors. For the validation process of these models, the receiver operating characteristic analysis, and the area under the curve (AUC) were applied by comparing the obtained results to The landslide inventory map which prepared using the archives of scientific publications, reports of local authorities, and field survey as well as analyzing satellite imagery. According to the AUC values, the FAHP model had the highest value (0.908) followed by the AHP model (0.777). As a result, the FAHP model is more consistent and accurate than the AHP in this case study. The outcome of this paper may be useful for landslide susceptibility assessment and land use management.},
	author = {Amina Abd{\i} and Bouamrane Ali and Karech, Toufik and Anouar Kaouachi}
}
@article {49383,
	title = {ANALYSE NUM{\'E}RIQUE DU COMPORTEMENT DYNAMIQUE D\&rsquo;UN TUNNEL APPLICATION AU CAS DU TUNNEL DE DJEBEL EL-OUAHCH (AUTOROUTE EST-OUEST, ALG{\'E}RIE)},
	journal = {ALG{\'E}RIE {\'E}QUIPEMENT},
	volume = {65},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {8-25},
	url = {Ecole National des Travaux Public},
	author = {Aicha Berkan, and Karech, Toufik}
}
@article {49381,
	title = {Numerical Analysis of the Dynamic Behavior of Shallow Tunnel: a Case Study of Djebel El-Ouahch Tunnel, Algeria},
	journal = {Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology},
	year = {2021},
	abstract = {The study of the seismic behavior of tunnels has become a major concern for geotechnicians in recent years, especially after the collapse of the many underground structures around the world, constructed in soft ground at shallow depths. Several studies focused on the distortion of the tunnel cross section caused by shear waves which propagate vertically to the tunnel axis. However, the study of the tunnel seismic response to the compression waves which propagate parallel to the axis of the tunnel is almost neglected. These compression waves can cause a serious axial and bending deformation in the tunnel lining. Therefore, this paper aims to present a numerical analysis of part of the T1 tunnel of the Algerian East-West Highway, in the province of Constantine, that suffered a very significant damage caused by a sudden collapse. The goal is to demonstrate the influence of seismic waves of compression as well\&nbsp;{\textellipsis}},
	url = {Scopus},
	author = {Aicha Berkan, and Samy Mezhoud and Karech, Toufik and Ahmed Beroul}
}
@article {39686,
	title = {The Wall Behaviour in the Contiguous Drilled Piles Reinforced by Anchors in 3D the \&ldquo;case study\&rdquo; of Ain-Naadja Metro Station\&ndash;(Algiers)},
	journal = {Geotech Geol Eng (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01670-2},
	year = {2021},
	url = { https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01670-2},
	author = {samy Kiyyour and Karech, Toufik}
}
@article {34635,
	title = {Experimental Study of the Effects of Installation of Sand Columns in Compressible Clay Using a Reduced Model},
	journal = {Geotechnical and Geological Engineering An International Journal},
	volume = {5},
	number = {ISSN0960-3182},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {255{\textendash}264},
	author = {Mohamed Laouche, Toufik Karech, Damien Rangeard, Juan Martinez}
}
@article {26445,
	title = {Volumetric behavior of natural swelling soil on drying-wetting paths. Application to the Boumagueur marl-Algeria},
	journal = {Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica},
	volume = {1},
	number = {Sciendo},
	year = {2020},
	author = {Mehdi Mebarki and Karech, Toufik and S Benyahia and FEM Derfouf}
}
@article {19461,
	title = {Hydromechanical behavior of naturel swelling soil of Boumegueur region (east of Algeria)},
	journal = {Geomechanical and Engineering},
	volume = {17},
	number = {ISSN: 2005-307X(Print), 2092-6219 (Online)},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {69-79},
	author = {Mehdi Mebarki, Toufik Karech, Mounir Derfour, Said Taibi, Nabil Aboubaker}
}
@article {19467,
	title = {Numerical modeling of the pathological case of a damaged tunnel application to Djebel El-Ouahch tunnel (east\&ndash;west highway)},
	journal = {Asian Journal of Civil Engineering},
	volume = {4},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1-13},
	author = {Berkane, Aicha and Karech, Toufik}
}
@article {19465,
	title = {A Numerical Investigation of Dynamic Behavior of a Unit Cell of a Loose sand Reinforced by Stone Column Under the Effect of Gravity Using Finn Model},
	journal = {Indian Geotechnical Journal},
	volume = {5},
	number = {49},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {255{\textendash}264},
	author = {Abdelkader Noui, Toufik Karech, Tayeb Bouzid}
}
@article {19463,
	title = {2D Numerical investigation of twin tunnels influence of excavation phase shift},
	journal = {Geomechanics and Engineering International journal},
	volume = {16},
	number = {3},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {295-308},
	author = {Chafia Djeloul, Toufik Karech, Rafik Demagh, Oulid Liman, Juan Martinez}
}
