This study aims to estimating annual soil erosion rate and its spatial distribution in the Bou Namoussa water-shed located in the North-East of Algeria by applying the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) within a Geographical Information System environment (GIS). The application of the RUSLE model in different natural environments and on every scale takes into account five key factors namely: the rainfall erosivity, the soil erodi-bility, the steepness and length of slopes, the vegetation cover and the conservation support practices. Each of these factors was generated in GIS as a raster layer, their combination, resulted in the development of a soil loss map indicating an average erosion rate of 7.8 tꞏha–1ꞏy–1. The obtained soil loss map was classified into four ero-sion severity classes; low, moderate, high and very high severity representing respectively 40, 30.48, 22.59 and 6.89% of the total surface. The areas, showing moderate, high and very high erosion rates which represent more than half of the basin area were found generally located in regions having high erodibility soils, steep slopes and low vegetation cover. These areas should be considered as priorities in future erosion control programs in order to decrease the siltation rate in the Cheffia reservoir.
The Tinibaouine region, located in north-eastern Algeria on the borders of the Batna-Belezma Mountains, is characterized by a semi-arid to arid climate with an average annual rainfall not exceeding 465 mm and an average annual temperature of around 22 ° C. This region is characterized by the cultivation of apricots as essential crop followed by that of olives, whose plots are all irrigated with the Tinibaouine spring water. These are 450 Ha of trees for apricot and 108 Hectare for olives which constitute the principal revenue of the citizens of this small village. This paper estimated the crop reference and actual evapotranspiration (ETO) respectively and the irrigation water requirement of apricot trees and olive trees. The long recorded climatic data, crop and soil data, effective water allocation and planning, the information about crop water requirements, irrigation withdrawals were computed with the Cropwat model which is based on the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ETo. Crop coefficients (Kc) from the phenomenological stages of apricot and olive were applied to adjust and estimate the actual evapotranspiration ETc through a water balance of the irrigation water requirements (IR). The results showed that the annual reference evapotranspiration (ETO) was estimated at 3.71mm / day. The irrigation requirements were estimated at 35800 m3/ hectare for apricot, 6980 m3/ hectare for olive, also Irrigation needs estimated on land at 14185, 05 m3/ hectare for olive and apricot
Fuglede-Putnam Theorem have been proved for a considerably large number of class of operators. In this paper by using the spectral theory, we obtain a theoretical and general framework from which Fuglede-Putnam theorem may be promptly established for many classes of operators.
In this paper we consider the problem of the asymptotic expansion of double Laplace-type integrals, in the case when the set γ of points where the phase achieves its absolute minimum is a simple curve. It will be shown that the asymptotic behaviour of such integrals is governed by the order of degeneracy of normal derivatives of the phase with respect to the curve γ. Complete asymptotic expansions will be constructed if that order is constant along γ, and the first two coefficients will be explicitly computed. If not, a uniform asymptotic expansion method, involving special functions, is suggested.
Embolic phenomena, whether air or particulate emboli, can induce immediate damages like heart attack or ischemic stroke. Embolus composition (gaseous or particulate matter) is vital in predicting clinically significant complications. Embolus detection using Doppler methods have shown their limits to differentiate solid and gaseous embolus. Radio-frequency (RF) ultrasound signals backscattered by the emboli contain additional information on the embolus in comparison to the traditionally used Doppler signals. Gaseous bubbles show a nonlinear behavior under specific conditions of the ultrasound excitation wave, this nonlinear behavior is exploited to differentiate solid from gaseous microemboli. In order to verify the usefulness of RF ultrasound signal processing in the detection and classification of microemboli, an in vitro set-up is developed. Sonovue micro bubbles are exploited to mimic the acoustic behavior of gaseous emboli. They are injected at two different concentrations (0.025 and 0.05 µl/ml) in a nonrecirculating flow phantom containing a tube of 0.8 mm in diameter. The tissue mimicking material surrounding the tube is chosen to imitate the acoustic behavior of solid emboli. Both gaseous and solid emboli are imaged using an Anthares ultrasound scanner with a probe emitting at a transmit frequency of 1.82 MHz and at two mechanical indices (MI) 0.2 and 0.6. We propose in this experimental study to exploit discrete wavelet transform and a dimensionality reduction algorithm based on differential evolution technique in the analysis and the characterization of the backscattered RF ultrasound signals from the emboli. Several features are evaluated from the detail coefficients. It should be noted that the features used in this study are the same used in the paper by Aydin et al. These all features are used as inputs to the classification models without using feature selection method. Then we perform feature selection using differential evolution algorithm with support vector machines classifier. The experimental results show clearly that our proposed method achieves better average classification rates compared to the results obtained in a previous study using also the same backscatter RF signals.
As we move into the 21st century, with very rapid mobile communication and access to vast stores of information, we seem to be surrounded by more and more information, with less and less time or ability to digest it. The creation of the automatic summarization was really a genius human solution to solve this complicated problem. However, the application of this solution was too complex. In reality, there are many problems that need to be addressed before the promises of automatic text summarization can be fully realized. Basically, it is necessary to understand how humans summarize the text and then build the system based on that. Yet, individuals are so different in their thinking and interpretation that it is hard to create "gold-standard" summary against which output summaries will be evaluated. In this paper, we will discuss the basic concepts of this topic by giving the most relevant definitions, characterizations, types and the two different approaches of automatic text summarization: extraction and abstraction. Special attention is devoted to the extractive approach. It consists of selecting important sentences and paragraphs from the original text and concatenating them into shorter form. Broadly, the importance of sentences is decided based on statistical features of sentences. This approach avoids any efforts on deep text understanding. It is conceptually simple and easy to implement. KeywordsText summarization; Automatic text summarization; Abstractive approach; Extractive approach; Natural language processing.