L'écriture est une compétence fondamentale au cours de la scolarité primaire, permettant non seulement de communiquer des idées, mais aussi de développer la créativité des élèves. Cet article examine l’importance de l’enseignement de l’écriture aux élèves du primaire dans un contexte plurilingue. Nous proposerons des outils et des méthodes qui favorisent une écriture authentique et confiante.
A human skills framework is a human resource management tool that identifies and describes the set of skills required to fill different positions within an organization. This article helps to identify the knowledge, know-how, and interpersonal skills needed for each role, thereby facilitating talent management and the professional development of employees. By clearly identifying the required skills and adequately training personnel, the framework helps reduce costs related to unexpected breakdowns and emergency interventions, while maximizing equipment availability. A human skills framework is a strategic tool that contributes to optimizing an organization’s human capital, enabling better alignment between available and re
A human skills framework is a human resource management tool that identifies and describes the set of skills required to fill different positions within an organization. This article helps to identify the knowledge, know-how, and interpersonal skills needed for each role, thereby facilitating talent management and the professional development of employees. By clearly identifying the required skills and adequately training personnel, the framework helps reduce costs related to unexpected breakdowns and emergency interventions, while maximizing equipment availability. A human skills framework is a strategic tool that contributes to optimizing an organization’s human capital, enabling better alignment between available and re
The global wind energy industry achieved a significant milestone by reaching a total capacity of one terawatt (TW) by the end of 2023, underscoring the increasing importance of wind energy as a sustainable energy source (Global Wind Energy Outlook, 2022). This study focuses on the simulation and dynamic analysis of an H-Darrieus wind turbine rotor using 3D Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Key structural parameters, including natural frequencies, associated vibration modes, and mass participation rates, were determined to optimize the rotor performance. A novel blade design is proposed in this work, offering a lighter and more robust alternative to traditional rotor blades manufactured from composites, like fiberglass-polyester, fiberglass-epoxy, or combinations with wood and carbon. The lighter design enhances the startup performance at low wind speeds, while the improved strength and fixing mechanisms ensure resilience against the increasingly severe sandstorms reported in recent years. The vibration dynamics of the rotor under critical wind loads were analyzed using the SolidWorks Simulation software, yielding highly satisfactory results. The stability and reliability of the rotor were validated, as the dynamic performance indices, and the quality criteria meet the requirements for optimal operation.
One of the main factors that adversely affect surface quality, dimensional accuracy, and geometric precision during turning processes is workpiece’s deformation. The manufacturer's optimization of the cutting process is crucial. The goal of this work is to model and optimize workpiece’s deflection using statistical analysis. The tangential and radial cutting forces were observed as a function of the cutting parameters: cutting speed (Vc in m/min), advance (f in mm/rev), cutting depth (ap in mm), workpiece hardness (HB), and tool rake angle (An) using a numerical experimental plan (DOE) based on the Taguchi L32 table and the finite element analysis (FEA) tool (Third Wave AdvantEdge). For every test, the cantilever beam equation is used to determine the workpiece's deflection, which is then examined using the statistical approach based on the controllable parameters through cutting forces and the workpiece's overhang ratio (L/d). Prediction models have been found for the quantity of interest.
The Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC) molecular subtyping and target identification based on Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is of considerable worth for routine use. Yet, literature on this topic is limited worldwide and needs to be enriched with data from different populations.
Methods
We assessed the IHC expression of subtyping biomarkers (Cytokeratins 5, 14 and 17, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Claudins 3 and 7, E-cadherin, Vimentin and Androgen receptor) and predictive biomarkers (Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) density, Breast Cancer Antigen 1 (BRCA1) and P53) in a cohort of TNBC patients. Clinicopathologic parameters and overall survival (OS) were investigated as well.
Results
The patients were aged 50.11 ± 12.13y (more than 40y in 76.56% of patients), and 23.44% had a BC family history. They were in a non-advanced stage: 51.6% T2 stage, 56.2% negative lymph node involvement, 76.6% without metastasis and 64.1% grade II Scarff-Bloom-Richardson classification (SBR).
The IHC subtypes were: 53.1% Basal-like1 (BL1), 6.3% Basal-like2 (BL2), 17.2% Mesenchymal (MES), 9.4% Luminal Androgen Receptor (LAR), 4.7% Mixed subtype and 9.4% “Unclassified” type. The LAR subtype involved the youngest patients (40.17 ± 8.68y, p = 0.02). The “Unclassified” subtype expressed the p53 mutated-type pattern more frequently (100%, p = 0.07). The BRCA1 mutated pattern and TILs infiltration were present in (23.44% and 37.5% of patients, respectively).
The OS of the subtypes differed significantly (p = 0.007, log-rank test). The subtypes median OS were, respectively, 15.47 mo. (Unclassified), 18.94 mo. (BL2), 27.23 mo. (MES), 27.28 mo. (Mixed), 30.88 mo. (BL1), and 45.07 mo. (LAR). There was no difference in the OS following age, BRCA1 expression, p53 pattern and TILs density. Though, the OS following the TNM stage was different (p = 0.001). A multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that TNM staging and TNBC subtypes, independently influence the OS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.017, respectively).
Hence, IHC is useful in TNBC subtyping for prognostic purposes and in the identification of therapeutic biomarkers. Further investigation is required to confirm our results and to implement IHC as a routine tool to improve patient’s care.
Urban planning plays a critical role in sustainable city development by guiding urban expansion efficiently. In Algeria, the master plan for development and urban planning (PDAU) designates specific areas for city growth, yet the suitability of these areasfor urban extension often remains unassessed using systematic methods. Most PDAU, including the plan for Setif City established in 2016, rely on planning approaches and data that risk becoming outdated due to rapid urban changes and evolving spatial dynamics. As a result, there is a pressing need to critically assess and validate these designated extension zones using updated, objective analytical tools. This study addresses this gap by applying an integrated approach combining Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to evaluate land suitability for urban extension in Setif City. Fifteen socio-economic, physical, environmental, and accessibility criteria were applied to assess areas designated in the PDAU. The methodology enables a multi-criteria, data-driven analysis to prioritize zones for sustainable urban growth. About 21.5% of the study area is categorized as very high suitability, and most of these sites are concentrated around the edges of the city.36.7% is classified as high suitability, according to the suitability analysis for future urban expansion. Moderately and poorly suitable areas make up 23.79% and 13% of the total. Merely 5% of the land is deemed to be extremely unsuitable for the extension. The findings support evidence-based urban planning, offering actionable insights for policymakers and urban planners. This study contributes methodologically by demonstrating the effective integration of AHP with GIS in an Algerian context, encouraging replication and further research in similar urban environments.
Designing scalable and interpretable control strategies for decentralized multi-agent systems remains a challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). This challenge is particularly evident in pursuit–evasion tasks, which require coordination under partial observability, without explicit communication or centralized guidance. Although deep RL methods achieve strong performance, they typically operate as black boxes, limiting trust and deployment in safety-critical domains. We propose a Multi-Head DDPG architecture that decomposes control into three interpretable force components - pursuit, cohesion, and separation - weighted adaptively to generate context-aware actions. This design enables emergent role differentiation and interpretable self-organization in the model. In grid-based pursuit–evasion benchmarks, our method outperforms DQN, PPO, and standard DDPG in terms of success rate, convergence speed, and generalization, while also yielding transparent collective behaviors. Overall, the results show that weighted force-based behavioral decomposition provides a principled pathway toward achieving both high-performance and explainable multi-agent control.
Our paper focuses on the discovery and analysisof a recently identified three-dimensional chaotic model. Thisresearch presents a remarkable system characterised by its easeof implementation, but which exhibits a more complex dynamicbehaviour, exceeding that of many similar chaotic systems. Byunravelling the underlying mechanisms of this system throughthe analysis of eigenvalues, bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunovexponents, its chaotic behaviour is verified by building anelectronic circuit. The experimental behaviour is in agreementwith the numerical studies. This paper paves the way for furtherexploitation of the unique interplay between simplicity andcomplexity in chaotic systems, promising applications in variousscientific disciplines.
This study defines and analyzes the stability radii of stochastic descriptor systems. We utilize generalized Lyapunov techniques to establish necessary and sufficient conditions for exponential stability. Additionally, the paper aims to explore robust stability by characterizing the stability radius through generalized Lyapunov equations. To the best of our knowledge, this research is the first to investigate robust stability using the infinite-dimensional generalized Lyapunov equation.
This paper presents a novel strain-based finite element (NSBPE4K) developed for the free vibration analysis of thin plates, both with and without cutouts. The element incorporates three primary degrees-of-freedom per node: a transverse displacement (w) and two normal rotations (θx, θy) about the x and y axes, respectively. The displacement field is formulated based on assumed functions for the strain components, ensuring the compatibility equations are satisfied. The non-conforming element was successfully implemented in the ABAQUS software using the UEL subroutine (user element). Free vibration analysis results demonstrate the exceptional efficiency and accuracy of the new element. The results obtained with the present element excel those obtained with standard ABAQUS elements and other non-conforming elements found in the literature. This superiority is noticeable in free vibration scenarios, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed finite element for accurate and reliable simulation of the vibrational behavior of thin plates.
In this study, a numerical investigation was conducted on the seismic behavior of low-strength reinforced concrete columns, strengthened with steel bars and wrapped with fiberglass tapes and fabrics, using finite element software. The columns were subjected to both monotonic and cyclic loading, and the analysis focused on fracture patterns, failure mechanisms, lateral hysteresis loops, ductility degradation, and stiffness degradation. The results showed that the reference column exhibited brittle shear failure and insufficient ductility. In contrast, the second column, reinforced with steel bars and partially wrapped with fiberglass tapes, demonstrated 30% higher tensile strength compared to the reference column, achieving stable hysteresis loops, improved energy dissipation, and 25% less cracking. The third column, fully wrapped with fiberglass fabric in addition to the steel bars, exhibited 50% higher tensile strength and 75% reduced probability of cracking in the plastic hinge area. These findings underscore the effectiveness of advanced reinforcement techniques in improving the seismic performance of reinforced concrete columns.
ABSTRACT Article History: Received: 22/5/2025 Accepted: 17/8/2025 This study examines the effects of installing stone columns in soft clay using numerical simulations of small-scale laboratory tests. These tests involve reinforcing Kaolin specimens with sand columns constructed using two techniques: simple replacement without compaction and replacement with compaction. After installation, the specimens were subjected to loading to evaluate their mechanical behavior. A parametric study was conducted to assess the influence of key factors, including area replacement ratio, geogrid confinement, column length, and intensity of compaction stress. The results showed that settlement reduction is proportional to the area replacement ratio, column length, and the stiffness of the geogrid encasement. For a 16% area replacement ratio, the relative settlement decreased from 14.6% to 12.1%, with a corresponding stress concentration ratio of 1.92. When geogrid confinement was applied, settlement was further reduced to 6.9% and stress concentration ratio increased to 15.9. Moreover, columns installed with compaction led to a 20% reduction in the void ratio near the column, lowering the settlement to 9.23%. This reduction was directly related to the intensity of the compaction stress applied. The study highlighted the importance of the column installation method on the behavior of reinforced soils
Solar power plants that incorporate parabolic trough collectors (PTC) to generate solar energy can be regarded as a viable alternative to conventional power plants. To enhance the performance and productivity of these systems, it is imperative to improve the direct steam generation process. This study proposes the implementation of a passive enhancement technique to improve steam production in the PTC absorber, with the aim of optimising the overall size and cost of solar power plants. For this purpose, longitudinal fins have been attached to the inner bottom part of the tube. A numerical investigation was conducted to examine the two-phase flow with vaporisation using the ANSYS Fluent code. The analysis of two-phase flow was carried out via the volume of fluid technique. Additionally, a phase-change model was integrated to elucidate the vaporisation process. The Monte-Carlo ray-tracing approach was employed to identify the irregular distribution of heat flux across the tube. The integration of fins within the absorber tube has been demonstrated to enhance heat transfer and vapor fraction, thereby optimising the thermal performance of the system. Furthermore, the configuration that optimised steam generation was achieved through the utilisation of an absorber tube equipped with two rectangular longitudinal fins, displaying an aspect ratio of 0.5. The optimum thermal performance factor was found to be 1.58, which is reached in the laminar regime. The study's findings indicate a reduction in the overall dimensions of the PTC absorber, leading to a decrease in the size of solar power plants and their associated costs.
